Surface leveling works: As
it is known, each of the irrigated arable lands of the republic has a high
slope, while in the plains (Kur-Araz lowland) the slope is relatively low. In
addition, most areas are also characterized by a superficial slope, and they
are distinguished by the upper, middle and lower parts of the area. Most of
these areas are uneven and rough. Such roughness causes uneven distribution of
irrigation water provided for irrigation purposes to the irrigated arable land.
Thus, soil moisture in the area is disturbed. In addition, in areas that do not
have a smooth slope, the essential nutrients needed for plant assimilation are
not the same, and thus the supply of nutrients to plants is impaired. The above
shortcomings hinder the ability of plants to obtain stable and high yields.
Therefore, washing in such areas is also intensive. Therefore, it is necessary
to carry out surface leveling works on irrigated arable lands. In general,
surface leveling is divided into basic and current. Current leveling is
different from preparing the soil for planting each year, and they do not require
significant capital expenditures. Capital leveling works must be carried out at
a time when the irrigated areas need to be thoroughly leveled. Irrigated arable
lands are grouped according to their inclination to carry out works. Thus,
areas with a slope of 0.001 are very few and non-sloping, areas with a slope of
0.001-0.025 are slightly sloping, areas with a slope of 0.002-0.0075 are
moderately sloping, areas with a slope of 0.0075 to 0.002 are very sloping, 0,
Areas from 02 to 0.005 are considered to be very steep, areas with 0.05-0.01
and more are considered to be steeply patched areas. The surface slope for each
irrigated area is determined by leveling. For this purpose, the landowner must
contact a suitable specialist and know the slope of the land belonging to him.
If the slope of the area belongs to it is more than 0.01 (1 cm height
difference from every 100 m), then in such areas it is necessary to carry out
first of all capital, and then current leveling works. For this purpose, the
necessary preparations must be made in advance. For this purpose, on the basis
of the geodetic plan, a plan of horizontal and vertical lines should be drawn
every 10 cm (especially in ground leveling works) and a project of leveling
works should be drawn up. The work plan must specify the scope of work, the
areas to be cut and filled, the direction of the soil, the distance of
relocation, etc. should be specified. Scraper, bulldozer, and later special
leveling mechanisms (PT-4, PT-2,8) can be used for capital leveling, and PT-4A,
PS-2,75, PD-5, etc. can be used for current leveling. In all cases, the
thickness of the soil should be taken into account if you grow in any area. In
this case, it is necessary to ensure that the layer of nutrients (humus,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) necessary for the growth and development of
the plant is not damaged. The cut humus layer should be used later in the
fields. At the same time, the landowner does not have the necessary capacity
for both capital and current leveling, especially in areas where sowing is
carried out from scratch with simple equipment (horn, iron) placed on special
sowing units after the first (freezing) or second (repeated) plowing Etc.) Must
carry out current leveling works in the direction of the site. In all cases,
work should be done to ensure that the slope of the field does not exceed 0.01.
In this way, first of all, the areas are significantly free from permanent and
temporary ditches. Thus, it is possible to increase the length of the furrows
in the inter-row cultivated areas, and the length and width of the irrigation
strips in the fully cultivated areas. Thus, the development of irrigation
erosion in irrigated arable lands can be significantly eliminated. Selection of
water consumption: As it is known, the soil cover of our republic is different
and differs in thickness. Relatively medium (30-50 km) and thick (more than 50
cm) soils are located mainly on low-slope slopes (areas), while high-slope (up
to 30 cm thick) soils are developed on sloping slopes. In such areas, the soils
have a small contour (sometimes 10-20 ha) and are inclined, so it is not
possible to carry out major leveling work there. The main purpose of irrigation
in such areas should be to pay attention to the consumption of irrigation water.
For this purpose, it is first necessary to determine the rate of irrigation. To
do this, the depth of the active layer (in the nature of plants n), the volume
of the soil, the difference between the moisture content of the soil after
irrigation and the moisture content of the soil before irrigation. For this
purpose, after determining the water norm, 10-15% additional water norm
(evaporating, filtration, etc.) should be given to the obtained water norm.
Then it is necessary to try to irrigate in such a way that the required amount
of allocated irrigation water can be converted into productive soil moisture by
giving the irrigated areas in the way and form that the plant can use. However,
the structure of the soil should not be disturbed, the water use factor should
be high, and most importantly, the fertile soil layer should not be eroded. Thus,
in areas where irrigation water is supplied to the soil at a very high cost,
the velocity of water on the surface exceeds its rate of absorption into the
soil, and irrigation water forms a certain layer flow in the area. Conversely,
in areas where irrigation water is supplied at low cost, its surface velocity
is equal to the rate of absorption, and water supplied for irrigation is
gradually absorbed into the soil during this period. As a result, the washing
process does not take place. Therefore, no conditions should be created for the
destructive activity of water consumption in the furrow and strip method. In
this process, the mechanical composition of the soil, its permeability, water
permeability, slope of the area, etc. must be taken into account. We must study
the impact of different water consumption on the development of irrigation
erosion in the fields of cotton, tobacco, winter wheat, corn, perennial grasses
(first year-clover) and perennial crops (apple orchards and olives), where
irrigated agriculture is developing. For this purpose, non-normalized in cotton
sowing areas - arbitrary flow, 1.0 and 0.8 l / s, 0.1 in tobacco sowing areas;
0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.6 and 0.8; spontaneous flow in autumn wheat crops, 0.4 and
0.8; Arbitrary flow in corn crops 0.4 and 0.8 l / s, arbitrary flow in
perennial grass (first clover) crops, 0.4 and 0.8 l / s, arbitrary flow in
perennial crops (apple and olive), 2.0 l / s, 1.0 l / s and 0.5 l / s water
consumption were used. Studies have shown that the amount of washed soil varies
according to the water consumption in areas with efni natural conditions
(mechanical composition of soils, irrigation method, length of furrows, etc.). Thus,
while only 26.8 t / ha of soil was washed away by vegetative irrigation water
applied 3 times due to non-normalized water (spontaneous flow) applied in
cotton growing areas, the amount of washed soil due to 1.0 l / s water
consumption was 19.4 t. / ha, and 5.2 t / ha of soil was eroded due to water
consumption of 0.8 l / s. Such regularity was also typical for other crop areas
[5-8].It should be noted that the erosion resistance of the soils themselves
also plays a key role in soil erosion. Thus, alluvial-meadow soils used in
tobacco cultivation are more resistant to erosion than gray soils used for
cotton cultivation. Therefore, the process of irrigation erosion in such soils
is more intensive. In addition to the above, due to unregulated water use in agricultural
irrigation, soils are subject to irrigation erosion, and humus and essential
nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), which are essential for plant
growth and development, are washed away by both liquid and silt flows. Remains
untouched. The results of the analysis showed that the amount of humus washed
by liquid flow is 0.006%, the amount of humus washed by downstream is 0.79%,
0.018% and 2.0% respectively in tobacco fields, 0.033% and 2 in autumn wheat
fields, respectively. 0%, 0.013% and 2.02% in corn crops, 0.011% and 1.22% in
perennial crops. These were significantly higher than the humus and other
nutrients washed in the areas regulated by the relevant plantings or where
water consumption was reduced. The amount of K2O in such crops is
144.6-241.0, respectively; 89.2-241.0; Fluctuated between 70.5-86.10 and
144.5-181.3 mg / kg. All this has negatively affected the growth and
development of plants. Thus, while there were 18.22 cones on the trunk of a
cotton plant in an area not subject to irrigation erosion, there were only
10-12 cones on a cotton bush in an area not irrigated. Or, if the height of the
tobacco plant is 234 cm and the number of technically useful leaves on it is
54, the height of the tobacco plant in the washed areas is 75 cm, and the
number of technically injured leaves does not exceed 17. In areas with 0.4
liters of water per second, the height of corn ("Krasnodar-508") is
275 cm, the number of legs on its stem is 3, the number of productive stems in
winter wheat (Bozozstaya-I) is 470, the weight of one grain is 1.9 grams.
amount 51; The weight of 1000 grains is 45.8 grams, clover (“Azerbaijan 262
”variety) 56 cm, while the number of stems per square meter is 473, in areas
with high water consumption and intensive irrigation erosion, the height of
corn is 217 cm, the number of legs is I, the number of productive stems in
wheat is 350, the depth of one spike is 28, The length of one spike was 4.9 cm,
the weight of the grain in one spike was 0.8 grams, the weight of 1000 grains
was 34 grams, the height of the clover was 35 cm, the number of stems per
square meter did not exceed 416. All this leads to a decrease in the
productivity of the described plants. Thus, 30.6 quintals per hectare of
non-eroded cotton, 35.5 quintals from tobacco, 53.0 quintals from corn, 37.0
quintals from autumn wheat, 372.0 quintals from perennial grasses (alfalfa,
green mass) and if 70 s of crop is harvested from perennial crops, 17 from such
eroded crops, respectively; 16.9; 31.5; 23.3; 141.0; 49.2 s of product was
received. Thus, users are exposed to 12.4 percent of cotton fields each year
due to irrigation erosion; 18.6 from tobacco crops; 11.5 from corn crops; 13.7
from wheat crops; 131 less crops were harvested from spring alfalfa (first
year) and 20.8 s less from perennial crops (palmet apple).Taking into account
the above, water consumption should be observed when irrigating cotton,
tobacco, corn, winter wheat, alfalfa, perennial crops with furrows and strips.
This measure should be coordinated with the slope of the area, the length of
the furrow, the water permeability of the soil, etc. It is better that water
consumption in cotton fields should not exceed 0.8, in tobacco and corn crops
0.6-0.8 l/s, water consumption in autumn wheat and annual grass (alfalfa) crops
1.0 and 1 , Should not exceed 5 l/s, and the width of irrigation strips should
fluctuate between 3-5. The length of irrigation furrows in the areas where
crops (tobacco, corn, perennial crops) are grown should be adjusted according to
the slope of the area. Thus, as the slope increases, the length of the furrow
and water consumption should be reduced. In addition, the diameter of the
dependencies in the water used for irrigation is also a key issue. Thus, water
containing particles with a diameter of 0.10 mm (especially with a diameter of
0.15 mm) is unsuitable for irrigation, but particles with a diameter of 0.10 mm
to 0.005 mm are considered suitable. Although such particles are suitable
for improving the physical properties of the soil, such particles are low in
nutrients. In contrast to the particles shown, particles smaller than 0.005 mm
in diameter (especially 0.001 mm) are rich in nutrients, but their deposition
in the field is fast. In addition, the use of water with such particles
deteriorates the permeability and aeration of the soil. Therefore, it is
recommended to apply mineral and organic fertilizers to the fields from
0.10-0.005 mm diameter particles in irrigation. Application of technical means:
Azerbaijan's natural conditions and potential allow to develop irrigated
agriculture by all means. Therefore, by effectively using such opportunities,
it is possible to get more and higher yields from irrigated areas. It should be
noted that despite the natural conditions in our total area, 60% of such area
consists of mountainous areas. Technical means have a great role to play in
expanding irrigation in areas that can be irrigated, both in the plains and in
relatively mountainous areas. A number of technical means (artificial rain aggregates,
sprinklers, water level and flow meters, pipes made of different materials,
siphons, etc.) have been designed to mechanize irrigation in the former Soviet
Union, including in our country. These devices and equipment allow you to
apply advanced irrigation methods (artificial rainfall, pulse drip irrigation,
small dispersal irrigation, underground irrigation, etc.). Thus,
"Fregat", "Kuban", "KSID-50",
"Voljanka", "DDA-100 M", "DDA-MA", "Sigma-50",
"DDN-70" and others. brand rain, “KSID-10”, “KSID-10A” and others.
Designed for irrigating large and small areas such as [9]. As a result of
the application of such machines and aggregates, soil moisture reserves are
provided in equal proportions, so the growth and development of plants go hand
in hand. Despite all this, such technical means are not widely used in our
country. It would be better if every landowner made extensive use of the
technical means provided (mainly on farms) on the land allotted to him.
Application of artificial rainfall: Artificial rainfall is one of the most
advanced irrigation methods and is a reliable measure to obtain high and stable
yields. As a result of this method, it is possible to carry out frequent
irrigation with the application of low water norms. In addition, such irrigation
can be carried out in areas with difficult terrain without leveling. The areas
are ditches, canals and sazad. Given these advantages of the method, the
case-h At present, artificial rainfall is used in many countries around the
world. It should be noted that research on artificial rainfall has been
conducted in various soil-climatic zones of the former USSR. In these studies,
artificial rainfall has been shown to be beneficial. For example, studies in
Uzbekistan have shown that the rate of water and irrigation was twice as low
(520 m3/ha against 1100 m3/ha) in irrigated irrigation. While the average yield
of cotton for 5 years was 26.5 cents/ha in furrow irrigation, artificial
rainfall was 29.5 cents/ha or an increase of 10%. The effect of artificial rainfall
on cotton productivity in Azerbaijan has been studied. It was found that in
contrast to the area irrigated with furrows, the productivity of cotton in the
area of artificial rainfall was 2.44 sen/ha. The effect of artificial rainfall
on the development of irrigation erosion compared to the furrow method in
cotton and tobacco planting areas has also been studied. It was found that the
onset of runoff, liquid runoff, runoff, runoff, and nutrient leaching are
significantly reduced in artificial rainfall compared to furrow irrigation.
Despite such advantages of artificial rainfall, it is not widely used in the
country. Taking this into account, this method should be widely used in the
irrigated lands of our republic. Artificial rainwater systems are divided into
three groups: mobile, semi-stationary and stationary. The intensity of rain
varies in machines and mechanisms. For example, "KI-50",
"Rainbow" machine 0.23 mm/min. DDA-100 M 0,17 mm/min, DDN-70-0,
40mm/min, DYP-64 “Voljanka” -0,27 mm/min, DM “Freqat” -0,28 mm/min, DF “Dnepr
It has the ability to rain at an intensity of 0.28 mm/min. In order to prevent
soil erosion, artificial rainwater harvesting machines should be selected based
on these parameters and the mechanical composition of the soil. Thus, heavy
mechanical soils can use up to 0.1-0.2 mm/min, for medium mechanical soils -
0.5-0.8 mm/min. In addition, the water absorption capacity of the soil
must be determined. High rainfall intensity and large diameter of raindrops
cause the collapse of the soil structure, hardening of the topsoil, the
formation of surface water and silt flow. Therefore, artificial rainfall should
be associated with the background of agro-technical measures (softening of deep
strips, half-escape, maintenance of buffer strips, etc.)