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Abstract

We report the case of a 40-year-old diabetic patient on insulin. Followed since 2014 for a dermatofibrosarcoma of Darrier Ferrand operated four times and then received adjuvant radiotherapy on the scalp (total dose of 66Gy), under clinical monitoring.

Introduction

One of the most troubling and depressing complication for patients who received radiation in the scalp for a tumour process is alopecia, which in some cases can be scarring and have a significant psychological impact on the patient's quality of life [1,2].

Case Presentation

We report the case of a 40-year-old diabetic patient on insulin. Followed since 2014 for a dermatofibrosarcoma of Darrier Ferrand operated four times and then received adjuvant radiotherapy on the scalp (total dose of 66Gy), under clinical monitoring. The patient presented after her radiotherapy sessions, a diffuse alopecia on the scalp and referred to us for management. On clinical examination, the patient was conscious and stable. Dermatological examination found a diffuse scarring alopecia of the vertex centered by an atrophic scar, the traction sign was negative on the entire scalp and the rest of the somatic examination was normal. Dermoscopic examination revealed a central scarring alopecia with peripheral fluffy and leucotrichic hair, coiled hair, blackheads, whiteheads and pigmented areas without structures.

Discussion

Hair loss, temporary or permanent, is one of the most stressful side effects for patients undergoing oncologic treatment. The true prevalence of permanent alopecia by radiation may be underestimated as many patients do not complain and accept it as the price of the treatment [3].

Figure 1: Clinical picture of scarring alopecia of the vertex centered by an atrophic scar.

Figure 2: Dermoscopic image showing fluffy hair, coiled hair, leukotrich hair, white spots and pigmented areas without structures.

Figure 3: Dermoscopic image showing fluffy hair, coiled hair, leukotrich hair, white spots and pigmented areas without structures.

Permanent alopecia is a well-known side effect of radiation. Although the principal change following an acute dose of radiation is apoptosis, radiation damage can occur due to a combination of changes such as reduction in matrix cell reproduction, the effect on protein synthesis or plasma membrane permeability of matrix cells, and alteration in perifollicular blood flow [4]. Follicular dose (the dose of radiation at the level of hair follicle in a particular radiation field) is the only significant factor in determining the degree of permanent alopecia. Most anagen follicles are at a depth of 4 to 4.5 mm from the skin surface. If the radiation superficial to this depth is kept under a lethal dose, the incidence of radiation-induced alopecia can be markedly reduced. The follicular dose at which 50% of patients develop permanent alopecia, is estimated to be 43 Gy [5] (Figures 1-3).

Conclusion

Dermoscopy of scarring alopecia following scalp irradiation has never been described. This is the first observation in the literature that describes this entity. Particular attention should be paid to this phenomenon in order to better characterize it's specific dermoscopic signs.

Consent

The examination of the patient was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki principles.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors do not declare any conflict of interest.