Perception Risk in the Post COVID-19

Studies of risk perception, in relation to the governance of risk events, have advanced towards a management, production and knowledge transfer system focused on the impact of the media on audiences and eventually on the leaders of Civil protection institutions, but the absence of research encouraged the present work to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument. The proposal was based on a non-experimental study and a non-probabilistic sample selection of 245 students from a public university. Based on a structural model, it was found that Internet users perceive risks and affect media perception (0.46) and perception social on the perception of risk events, although there are lines of research concerning the mediation of such dependency relationships.

This section exposes the global, regional and local dimensions of risk events, focused on the global environmental footprint and the municipal water footprint in order to show that risk perception constitutes a central axis of representation of nature and nature. Availability of its natural and water resources. Global water trends and public policies are essential to establish the costs of water supply. However, civic, community and neighborhood participation are also essential to establish unit water prices.

Globally, water sustainability is determined by public policies that promote water conservation through international tariff standards [1]. The price of water would be the result of international conventions to which signatory countries undertake to reduce their agricultural, industrial and commercial processes. The unit cost would be defined by the level of availability per capita. A greater amount of water for each person implies a standard cost for the plaintiff. Consumption above a threshold exponentially increases the unit price. Globally, costs are reduced, and profits increase substantially. However, presidents or ministers cannot make global decisions without compromising local development.

At the continental level, the relationship between the industrial North and the agricultural South, the trade between the economic blocs, directly affects the financial and migratory flows that must be considered in the equation of public policies for water sustainability [2]. On the continents, the establishment of a water service charging system is more likely when considering trade agreements between members of economic blocs. The subsidy will be beneficial for economic actors who can afford their consumption. This is a rate system in which those with greater purchasing power pay a standard rate that includes funds for those living in exclusion, marginalization or vulnerability. However, standard rates impede sustainability at the continental level due to economic differences between users of water services and the availability of water per capita

In Mexico, conflicts over water rights have been mitigated with central and federal public policies that justify the extraction and distribution from one basin to another [3]. The State, through estimates by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP), the Bank of Mexico (BM) and the National Water Commission (Conagua), has established public policies aimed at economic growth rather than sustainable development. Water rights and heritage of rural communities and urban neighborhoods are subordinated to the national economic project. In this sense, each unit of water has a different and inequitable price. Water is cheap for those who have greater purchasing power and consume more. In contrast, groups that save water, despite being unemployed or underemployed, paid five times their actual cost.

In a federalist country, state governments are a counterweight to the executive's omnipresence [4]. An initiative of the president can be modified by the governors. If the altitude where rural communities live is considered, states and municipalities must legislate a system of differential rates for each entity. Therefore, state sustainability of water in finance would be its main obstacle. Often, state governments spend more than they receive from the federation. This encourages national and local utility companies to seek agreements to build a subsidy system that benefits low prices for users. The result is a public action organized for collection but disorganized for redistribution. Without fail, the receipts are distributed to the users, but the water service is intermittent. Therefore, the system benefits cities to the detriment of rural areas.

The Valley of Mexico was a prominent basin, but now the current extraction trend would reach for two or three decades compromising its structure [5]. The Valley of Mexico, administered by three entities with their respective congresses, built a metropolitan water policy that is defined by representatives of different entities with different needs, expectations and consumption capacities. However, the Mexican Political System (PMS) is characterized by homogenizing people's demands and corresponding offers. From this structural political feature, a system of pricing of water policy is a system of subsidies, subsidies and exemptions. This is a public policy that does not need to be legislated to be implemented. At the time of the elections, the effectiveness of the political system uses drinking water as its promotional tool for the definition and selection of candidates and representatives. Therefore, the sustainability of metropolitan water is discretionary, proselytizing and patronizing. Consequently, at a municipal level, corruption, nepotism and cronyism are its main components.

A consequence of the complexity of the Valley of Mexico is its municipal demarcations. The diversity of factors that influence the sustainability of metropolitan water also affects the sustainability of water at the local level [6]. However, delegations are grouped into two groups: inclusive and exclusive. In the first inclusive type, a low population density and high income prevail that would allow the resolution of an exponential increase in water rates. In the second exclusionary type, overcrowding, unemployment or underemployment with insufficient income proliferates to resolve a minimum variation in the unit price of water. In the case of Iztapalapa, we must add altitude and corruption in neighborhoods with greater shortages and unhealthy life. This is a delegation in which several factors converge, and near a water crisis for its people. This situation favors protest, boycott and confrontation aimed at demanding and obtaining a greater amount of water. Therefore, water sustainability in Iztapalapa requires adapting to the uses and customs of people fighting corruption, but at the same time accepting subsidy rates. In the residential area, water scarcity is the main trend that would lead to the dosage of consumption and pseudo-repair of leaks. In fact, an austerity system implies consumption thresholds determined by the number of residents, their economic activities and the types of recreation. The sustainability of residential water means a low rate to save water and an exponential rate for those who exceed their volume per capita.

In the future, urban density is a global, national and local problem that affects water sustainability [7]. The expected per capita availability for the coming years is the result of public policies that seek to curb the tendency of water restriction to make it more sustainable. In that sense, the disappearance of standard, subsidized, situational or interval tariff systems is predictable. Instead, a new pricing system must be implemented to address structural failures. It is a system of global water rates for local contingencies.

The objective of the present work lies in the analysis of the perception of risk as a reflection of the environmental situation, the availability of resources, the needs of consumption and the expectations of access in order to be able to anticipate scenarios of scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness and shortage in local, regional and global levels expected by users of public water services.

Theory of perception risk

This section discusses the epistemological, conceptual and modular frameworks of risk perception as an object of study, corpus and theoretical matrix from which the literature consulted warns the prevalence of representation biases of observable resources on the expected impact of scarcity, shortage, insalubrity and lack of consumption. The process is to ensure that natural disasters and ecological catastrophes far are not linked to the personal situation, or local issues are not of such magnitude involving a conservationist action, is known as an environmental farsightedness. In this sense, this paper aims to specify a model for the study of this perceptual bias that explains the relationship between nature and humanity.

Psychology of Sustainability (PS) has established theoretical and conceptual frameworks to explain the causal relationship between water availability and consumption per capita through cognitive processes. In this sense, the objective of this paper is to present theories about environmental situations. For this purpose, from a review of the state of knowledge causal relationships between hydrological exclusion and culture, the state, society, the media, communities, neighborhoods, families and individuals are explained. Theoretical models for explaining the beliefs, values, perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, motivation, skills, intentions and behaviors in terms of scarcity, shortage and environmental unhealthiness [8] arise. Exposing the theoretical framework will serve to open the discussion about the accuracy, development, construction and innovation of theoretical models that link personal areas, family, territorial, local, regional and global where water scarcity impacts the behavior human by regulating basic social - cognitive processes.

Psychology of Sustainability, farsightedness, in its general conception, is skewed perceptions regarding the impact of environmental catastrophes and natural disasters resulting from climate change which are appreciated by society as isolated events that do not would impact either directly or indirectly in quality life, residential comfort and subjective well - being.

In the context of the psychology of water resources and services, found that the utilitarian beliefs determine water consumption indicated by washing dishes, grooming, watering plants, washes dishes and cleaning sidewalk. That is, the information concerning droughts, scarcity and shortages seems to influence the beliefs that process information in such a way that water is considered an instrument of cleanliness, comfort and relaxation. Hyperopia appears to be a complex process that would be indicated by their degree of utilitarianism [9].

Thus, farsightedness precedes utilitarian beliefs, but in relation to processing systems and information categorization suppose, for Corral et al. [10], other relationships with perceptions of time perspective: 1) orientation to the past, 2) future orientation and 3) sustainable styles with dimensions such as: a) this hedonistic, b) present fatalistic, c) positive last d) past negative e) propensity future. Each of the dimensions, to interact with each other in order to anticipate water conservation, perceptual and behavioral established a system that would be linked with farsightedness past orientation and dimensions of the hedonistic past present and positive. That is, hyperopia would be a process of information concerning past located in the risks that would be little related to this comfort and unlinked future.

However, if farsightedness supposed informational categorizations that will result in the utilitarianism of water resources and services, then the hedonism is not only detached from the perceived risks in the past and would not have a significant impact on the present, but also would you relate to utilitarianism which regards natural resources and public services as instruments of comfort.

Utilitarianism and hedonism, while social norms and values ??scattered groups consider water as a means of comfort, determine damaging behavior. The study of Frías et al. shows that social norms determine individual principles crystallized into specific actions, but both are embodied in moral standards define an identity based on the context [11]. That is, hyperopia is also the result of a process of identification of the individual with regard to the conduct of a group and social actions to droughts or floods, which were disseminated in the media and led a hedonistic response rather than conservationist.

Hyperopia would be reflected by utilitarianism and hedonism that the reference group or membership developed and influenced the individual in a hostile environment, although permissible with groups skewed perceptions towards self - management capabilities of natural resources and public services.

However, from the perspective of Gilford [12], pessimism rather than fatalism is different spatial levels: local, national and global. Consequently, farsightedness is not just a perceptual bias of social, collective and personal standards indicated by their degree of usefulness and hedonism, but also is a bias scenario that the recipient is unknown and homogenized thus to have control or certainty context of water availability.

Farsightedness, as a spatial bias, explain the biophilia in contexts of natural diversity as a determinant of pro - environmental behavior. Corral et al. [13] modeled both variables with social intolerance and age to show that there was an implicit relationship between environmental conservation and affinity towards nature. In this sense, farsightedness would be linked to social intolerance since the biophilia would immediate and specific conservation actions in the immediate environment, but once guaranteed the existence of species, the individual could develop a hedonism and utilitarianism to its preserved environment.

Under its regulations, valuation, perceptual, attitudinal and behavioral implications hyperopia is a complex psychological construct sustainable which is an interdisciplinary study. The implications of the study for hyperopia have environmental policies and public services are unpublished.

In principle, a socio - political farsightedness would be indicated by perceptual biases about the relationship between society, state and nature. In that vein, utilitarianism and hedonism reported in studies of the psychology of sustainability serve to conceptualize the social and political dimension of farsightedness as one in which climate change, resource scarcity and shortages in the cities would be an instrument power and control would reduce civil participation conflicts with their authorities and natural resources in tandem services.

Thus, the social and political farsightedness explain social mobilization and collective action such as demonstrations, rallies, sit - ins or marches as instruments of pressure and negotiation between public service users and local authorities.

In summary, the theory of risk perception has been built from concepts and models ranging from personal to global situations, building applicability in communication and risk management at the institutional level.

Studies of perception risk

This section reviews the findings that report the effects of risk events on resource management, consumption and use of public water services, emphasizing the year of publication, as well as the repository in which the literature was published. and its indexing quality.

Socio - political farsightedness specification implies the establishment of the effects of ecocentric campaigns in the preservation of the water market. From the sixties, ecological movements that shown the harmful effects of the market economy, liberal policies, industrial societies, the massification of services and consumerism of diversified products [14]. Later, in the seventies, the anti-armaments movements that are more concerned with the preservation of animal and plant species arise [15].

Conservation demonstrations raised the exploitation of resources based on availability. In the eighties, ideas and environmental actions such as boycotts of products and services, consumption metering and even abstentionism characterize post - industrial societies. Given the uncertainty and insecurity arising from radioactive Chernobyl reactor explosion, environmental groups were organized to protest massively and systematically in major cities worldwide. The fall of the socialist bloc showed new forms of nuclear destruction of the environment and with them, new forms of environmental organization [16].

Marches, rallies and demonstrations gave way to realistic demonstrations of the extermination of species when dead cetaceans environmental groups moved to the streets of European cities. These demonstrations were complemented by actions of direct intervention to prevent the extermination of whales, seals, bears or birds. Demonstrations leave the streets and enter the portals of government institutions [17]. Blocking servers and network attack with computer viruses are examples of activism that characterizes the nineties. Finally, the consolidation of sustainable development extended to the economic, political, social, cultural, educational, scientific and technological growth depending on the availability of resources without affecting the ability of future generations to use these resources areas. In this sense, political campaigns have used the principles of sustainable development to attract followers.

In the hydrological context, vows are exchanged for water redistribution. However, sustainable development coexists with another form of hedonistic, improvised and development Heuristic: liquid consumption [18].

The majority influence suggests that the systematic use of a resource is determined by the power of majority decision. If the bulk of the population has a habit of daily grooming, then the individual will be influenced to adopt a style of anthropocentric life where water resources are considered an exclusive service for current human needs, regardless of the capability’s human generations later and the needs of current and future species [19]. The majoritarian model is straightforward because through considered an expert source may influence the decision of the individual consumer. Indeed, the conformity of the individual is the result of the majority influence [20].

In contrast, argues that minority influence consumption of natural resources due to the identity established by the individual to the group around him. Thus, grooming can vary depending on the lifestyle of the group to which the individual belongs. If the group has a policy of grooming with a minimum of water, then the individual will perform that action regardless of the availability of water [21]. This is an indirect influence as lifestyle impacts the future rather than the consumption decision in the present. Therefore, innovation is the main consequence of the minority influence.

Both processes of social, majority or minority influence, seem to ignore the availability of resources that economic approach shows how essential factor, are nevertheless relevant because warn that regardless of the amount of consumable water, decision making present or future is determined by the social norm or the standard group [22].

Symbols, meanings and senses that correspond are the means involving the prematerialists cultures, cultures and post - materialist materialistic cultures with the environment [23]. In pre-materialist cultures, nature is symbolized as a conglomeration of such significant community elements such as human elements forming a group [24].

In contrast, often, nature is symbolized as inexhaustible resources by groups that transform and redistribute promoting inequalities characteristics of neoliberal economic societies. Finally, when the post - materialist cultures have reached a very high economic and educational status, nature is symbolized as a stage for the rights of each agency for its subsistence [25]. From these cultural distinctions nine theories explain the cultural world views of nature.

The theoretical relations between the perceptual factors are adjusted to the empirical observations in the locality of study, or will they be different given the specificity of the relations between the political and social actors with respect to the environmental perception of the resources and the water services.

The relations between the factors when explained from global and regional references, anticipate local scenarios considering the specificity of the actors regarding the scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness and scarcity of the municipal water service.

Although the asymmetries between governments and citizens are observable in the perceptions about the quality of the water service, local inequalities such as hoarding, conflicts and dosing skills lead to perceptions of risk rather than utility of the municipal service.

In summary, the classic studies of risk perception highlight the phenomenon of hyperopia as a result of a process of exposure, information, processing and dissemination of threats and contingencies emanating from the media, received by audiences and again disseminated in electronic media such as digital networks, highlighting the reduction and amplification of risks, the import and export of risk categories, as well as the framing of risk events according to the source, type of audience and possible effects.

Specification of a model for study perception risk

The specification of a model is a first phase in the null hypothesis test process. It is a scheme of relationships between the variables reviewed in the literature. Thus, the literature consulted reveals four instances of the effect of environmental risks on exposed and unexposed people with and without consequences of contingencies and threats [26].

General expectation of the event: Risk events when exposed in the media due to their magnitude and social impact are phenomena for local, regional or global audiences [27]. This is the dissemination of information on threats and contingencies that generate expectations in viewers, Internet users, radio listeners, movie buffs and newspaper subscribers. The perception of risk events is an unforeseeable, immeasurable and unpredictable phase that corresponds to events with these same characteristics as the environmental catastrophe develops and its immediate consequences in an overexposed or unexposed population.

Reduction & amplification of risk: In an unexposed and exposed population, without sequelae or affected, risk amplification is a simultaneous phase of the perceptual process that increases or decreases the effects of threats and contingencies. Hyperopia is broken down into two segments, one of reduction and one of risk amplification [28].

Perceptual import and export: The expectations of the local events that extend to forecasts of those same events in other latitudes suppose a latent farsightedness. These are perceptual biases in which media audiences participate in the export of risk expectations and in the importation of the replica of the events and their effects [29].

Expected framing of the event: The instance in which risk events are observed in real time is known as perceptual Internet bias. It is a simultaneous dimension with respect to the real expectation of the event and its expected consequences for the information available in the media [30]. It is an instance in which the event is perceived according to the framework of the media. Hyperopia is broken down into an agenda of issues in the media and audiences, based on that information they develop expectations about that media agenda.

Table 1: Descriptive data.

Subsequently, the definitions in a matrix of content analysis were processed and, finally, the indicators taken in reviewing the state of knowledge is modeled. For such purposes, it carried out a study on during the period from 2010 to 2019 in articles with record ISSN and DOI concerning environmental farsightedness. The specified model includes eight dimensions alluding to perceptual bias with respect to supply local and residential water. Referring to the state of knowledge, the specification was proven in order to anticipate scenarios analysis, perceptual structures, decision-making and behavior depending on water availability and needs / expectations of local consumption.

The Delphi technique was used for the processing of information, comparing and integrating data according to the dimensions established in the theory. Students were surveyed in the vestibule of their university with a written guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity of their answers, as well as a warning that the results of the study would not negatively or negatively affect their economic, political and social status.

Crombach's alpha was estimated to establish the consistency of the scale, adequacy, sphericity and validity of the scale to demonstrate the convergence of constructs from the indicators, correlations and regressions to demonstrate the dependency relationships among the variables, adjustment statistics and residual to test the null hypothesis.

The information was processed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the Structural Moments Analysis software version 5.0.

Subsequently, the definitions in a matrix of content analysis were processed and, finally, the indicators taken in reviewing the state of knowledge is modeled. For such purposes, it carried out a study on during the period from 2010 to 2019 in articles with record ISSN and DOI concerning environmental farsightedness. The specified model includes eight dimensions alluding to perceptual bias with respect to supply local and residential water. Referring to the state of knowledge, the specification was proven in order to anticipate scenarios analysis, perceptual structures, decision-making and behavior depending on water availability and needs / expectations of local consumption.

The Delphi technique was used for the processing of information, comparing and integrating data according to the dimensions established in the theory. Students were surveyed in the vestibule of their university with a written guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity of their answers, as well as a warning that the results of the study would not negatively or negatively affect their economic, political and social status.

Crombach's alpha was estimated to establish the consistency of the scale, adequacy, sphericity and validity of the scale to demonstrate the convergence of constructs from the indicators, correlations and regressions to demonstrate the dependency relationships among the variables, adjustment statistics and residual to test the null hypothesis.

The information was processed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the Structural Moments Analysis software version 5.0.

Table 2 shows the internal consistency values for the general scale (alpha of 0,777) and the subscales (alpha of 0,781; 0,785; 0,792 0,782), which exceeded the minimum required of 0.700 but lower than an optimum consistency of 0.800.

Table 2: Descriptive of the instrument.

Table 3: Correlations and covariations.

Figure 1: F1 = General Expectation of the Event, F2 = Reduction & Amplification of Risk, F3 = Perceptual Import and Export, F4 = Expected Framing of the Event, ? relations between factors, ç relations between errors and indicators; è relations between factors and indicators

The adjustment and residual parameters ?X² = 234,13 (35gl) p = 0,012; CFI = 0,990; GFI = 0,995; IFI = 0,975; RMSEA = 0,009?show that the null hypothesis can be accepted since, the theoretical relationships seem to fit the data observed in the context and the study sample.

The contribution of this study to the status of the issue lies in the establishment of the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures perceptions around risk events such as hurricanes, floods, mudslides, droughts, frosts or fires, but the type of study, the type of sample selection and the type of analysis limit the results to the study sample and the research context [32-35].

It is recommended to study the dimensions of social risk amplification and the perception of risk in order to establish the factors that mediate the relationship with the medialization of risk events and the perception of them.

The dimensions involved with hyperopia derived from the nature-culture, resources-State-payers, product-market-consumers, spots -Means-viewers and-stakes situations. They have been exposed to explain environmental dimensions from its relations with situations culture, society, the state, the community, the neighborhood, the family and the individual. In this sense, environmental situations are conceptually derived from entities from which you can see them, compare, analyze and synthesize. When mankind felt that the water and she were part of nature, transformed into symbols that cultures emerged. When humanity classified as water resources, it unveiled the State which became taxpayers. When humanity thought the water was a product created the market that turned into consumers. When humanity reduced to spots environmental situations, he extolled the media that turned into spectators; and when humanity realized the diversity of environmental situations, he out organize to preserve future generations [35-37].

The relationships between the availability and consumption by socio-cognitive processes underlying environmental media hypothesis around which the amount of water and the use thereof are determined by preliminary ideas to be processed in situations of abundance or scarcity inhibit or will facilitate the waste or water savings regardless of value, cost, price, rate, quote or any other parameter that involves restoring balance in the availability and consumption.

However, it is necessary to reconceptualize the problem and establishing cost parameters from human needs and expectations regardless of their abilities or property. In this sense, the socio-psychological theories propose that measurement of water consumption is carried out, and not according to their current or future availability, but in terms of beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, knowledge, values ??and intentions of use inserts water supply system in individuals. That is, the socio-psychological theories only explain the sustainability of a formal market supply, but referring to an informal market, theories are barriers to explain the solidarity shortages or hoarding situations abundance.

Therefore, the socio-psychological theories have to explain discrepancies that inhibit sustainable development of mankind in relation to water availability. In this regard, the socio-psychological theories should be complemented by other theories to explain the emotions rather than rationality around the use of water, the groups to which the user belongs, quotation systems in which the user is assigned or governance processes in which citizens participate.

The perception of risk events is an essential process in the explanation of the differences between governors and the governed with respect to levels of territorial, national, public, civil, human, private or Internet security. It is a phenomenon in which, although risk events are impenetrable and incommensurable, the information disseminated in favor of the rector of the State legitimizes their power and the information related to civil resilience legitimizes their defenselessness. In the construction of a governance of risks and security it is necessary to dismember both processes in order to move towards a common future in terms of managing risks.

In relation to other processes associated with the perception of risk and that the literature stands out as risk communication, the present work has contributed to establish four dimensions from which it is possible to guide qualitative studies to reveal the meanings of risk events in society violated.

In this way, the process that goes from risk events, threat communication and contingency management can be complemented by the social construction of risks. This is a phenomenon in which the vulnerable groups develop techniques for the prevention and promotion of environmental safety for those who are exposed to shortages, shortages, unhealthiness and famine, which are intensified in the media diffusion of floods, droughts, landslides, Frost, fire or earthquakes.

The objective of this work was to explore the structure of risk perception, considering a review of the literature indexed in international repositories during the period from 2012 to 2019, as well as the type of findings reported.

However, the research design limited the results to the study sample, suggesting the extension of the work towards studies published in regional indexed journals and before the date considered, as well as the revision of models related to the perception of risk in the established dimensions.

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